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Coffee tree atop the Maricao mountains in Puerto Rico. Photo: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region / Wikimedia Commons, public domain. Summary Maricao is a mountain municipality in western Puerto Rico, founded in 1874. In the nineteenth century it w...

Photo: Wellcome Collection / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. Summary Coffea arabica is the botanical species responsible for the majority of the world's high-quality coffee, producing beans prized for their complex flavors, pleasant acidity, and aromatic richnes...

Photo: Timothy A. Gonsalves / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Summary Coffea canephora, commonly called robusta, is the second most commercially important coffee species globally and the primary alternative to arabica. The species produces higher yields, resi...

Photo: Marcelo Corrêa / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Summary Bourbon is one of the most historically important and commercially significant varieties of Coffea arabica, prized for its balanced sweetness, complex flavors, and strong specialty coffee perform...

Summary Typica is one of the most culturally and genetically important varieties of Arabica coffee. It is a tall plant with bronze-tipped young leaves, low yields, high susceptibility to coffee leaf rust, and good cup quality. Its story runs from Yemen to Indi...

Summary Gesha (also spelled Geisha) is the most prestigious variety of Coffea arabica, prized for its extraordinary floral and tea-like flavor characteristics that command record-breaking prices in specialty coffee auctions. Originally from the Gesha mountain ...

Photo: Raminagrobis / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Summary Espresso is a concentrated coffee beverage produced by forcing hot water through finely-ground coffee under approximately 9 bars of pressure, yielding a small, intensely flavored shot topped with g...

Photo: Kim Sanso / Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Summary Pour over coffee is a manual brewing method where hot water is poured slowly over ground coffee held in a filter, allowing gravity to drip the brewed coffee into a vessel below. This technique produces clean, ...

Photo: Shisma / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0. Summary The French press is one of the world's most beloved coffee brewing methods, valued for its simplicity, durability, and ability to produce full-bodied coffee with rich mouthfeel and pronounced flavor. Despit...

An AeroPress coffee maker standing on a mug. Photo: Bean Poet / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0. Summary The AeroPress is a hand-operated coffee maker. Ground coffee steeps briefly in hot water inside a plastic chamber, then a plunger pushes the coffee through...

Photo: Roland Tanglao / Wikimedia Commons, CC0. Summary Cold brew coffee is coffee extracted with cold or room-temperature water over extended periods, typically 12-24 hours. Unlike iced coffee (which is simply hot-brewed coffee cooled down), cold brew uses fu...

A Bialetti one-cup stovetop espresso maker in aluminium, inscribed "Mini express", "1 tazza" and "design L. Bialetti". Photo: Coyau / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Summary The moka pot is a stovetop coffee maker that uses steam pressure to push hot water up...

Photo: Serg Dorohoff / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Summary Turkish coffee is one of the world's oldest and most culturally significant coffee preparations — a method developed in the Ottoman Empire over 500 years ago that produces intensely concentrated, ...

Photo: A S M Jobaer / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Summary Coffee roasting is the transformative process that converts green coffee beans into the aromatic, flavorful brown beans we recognize as coffee. Through controlled application of heat over 10-20 min...

Photo: mckaysavage / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0. Summary Coffee processing is the critical series of steps that transforms ripe coffee cherries into the green coffee beans shipped to roasters worldwide. The processing method fundamentally shapes how the fina...

Ethiopian coffee tasters at a Coffee Corps Advanced Cuppers Training Seminar, 20 August 2003. Photo: G. LaRue (USAID) / Wikimedia Commons, public domain, cropped. Cupping is the method the coffee trade uses to smell, taste, describe and score coffee under fixe...

The Coffee Taster's Flavor Wheel is a tool for naming the flavours and aromas a taster finds in a cup of coffee. It was first developed in 1995, redesigned in 2016 by the Specialty Coffee Association of America and World Coffee Research, and is now credited to...

A blue-and-white mug of black coffee on a pale wood-effect table, photographed from directly above. Photo: Yasotha Murugesan / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Caffeine is the reason most people drink coffee, and almost everything written about it in milligram...